Mouse DBA Liver S9 Fraction Mixed Gender

Mouse Cytosol Mixed Gender

Mouse Cardiomyocytes C57

Isolated from the ventricles of the adult heart. These cells are qualified for the in vitro research on cardiac diseases as well as for pharmacological studies. The HCM can be cultured for as long as 10 population doublings, and hence are suitable for long term experiments.

Mouse Cardiomyocytes BalbC

Isolated from the ventricles of the adult heart. These cells are qualified for the in vitro research on cardiac diseases as well as for pharmacological studies. The HCM can be cultured for as long as 10 population doublings, and hence are suitable for long term experiments.

Mouse Cardiac Fibroblasts C57

Cardiac fibroblasts form the major part of heart tissue. They produce connective tissue which maintains the extracellular matrix of the heart. They are essential in studying proper heart function and physilogy. Research using these cells includes neointimal formation, tissue remodeling, myocardial and vascular repair, toxicology and drug screening, genetic therapy, extracellular repair, growth factors and cytokines.

Mouse Cardiac Fibroblasts BalbC

Cardiac fibroblasts form the major part of heart tissue. They produce connective tissue which maintains the extracellular matrix of the heart. They are essential in studying proper heart function and physilogy. Research using these cells includes neointimal formation, tissue remodeling, myocardial and vascular repair, toxicology and drug screening, genetic therapy, extracellular repair, growth factors and cytokines.

Mouse C57 BL/6N Liver S9 Fraction Mixed Gender

Mouse Brain Vascular Pericytes

Isolated from mouse liver, hepatocytes play a crucial role in metabolism and protein synthesis. In research these cells are used in metbaolism related studies, toxicity analysis and drug screening purposes.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells obtained from extra embryonic tissues are marked with higher degree of pluripotency, and better differentiation capacity; compared to their other counterparts. With their remarkable expansion potential and high therapeutic values, these cells are much in demand for large scale use in clinical research, 3D culture and production of by-products in the industry set ups. The cells can be easily isolated from extra embryonic fetal tissues, which is an ethically exempted source. At Kosheeka, cells are isolated from desired tissues without damaging their receptors; and are further expanded in the culture with optimized population doublings. Each batch of cells is characterized by the presence of markers like CD105, CD29 and CD73; a universally accepted range of MSC-specific markers. Our inhouse QC makes sure that each batch of stem cells produced displays a similar degree of transdifferentiation potential.

Macaque Monkey blood mononuclear cells

Lung alveolar cells

Liver Hepatocytes plateable

Lewis Rat Whole Blood

Lewis Rat Serum

Lewis Rat Plasma

Kidney Fibroblasts

Human Whole Blood

Human Vaginal epithelial cells

Human Umbilical Cord Blood Derived NK cells

The human umbilical cord blood derived NK cells are a kind of immune cells, obtained from the enriched fraction of progenitor cells derived from umbilical cord blood. The cells are the potent allogeneic population, which are used as a promising immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer, infections and immune disorders. The UCB derived NK cells can be obtained and expanded from an enriched fraction of mononuclear cells, using a cocktail of growth factors, cytokines and feeder cells. The resulting NK cells product is a mixture of mature and trained NK cells with the ability to recognize cancerous as well as infected cells. The UCB derived NK cells are more advantageous as compared to other sources like peripheral blood, bone marrow etc. The availability of NK cells per unit of blood is higher with a less risk of transmission and lower incidence of graft-versus-host diseases (GVHD). The UCB-derived NK cells product can be administered to the patient via infusion and/or injection. The isolation method of NK cells may vary depending upon the experimental requirements and expertise. Kosheeka separates NK cells using magnetic beads like CD56, CD16 as well as NKG2D. The bead bound cells can be separated from the rest of the cells using a magnetic field. The cells isolated with this method are highly purified and enriched for the CD56 population. We recommend transportation of these cells either in fresh as well as cryopreserved form. While fresh NK cells are transported in specialized transport containers at room temperature and protect them from physical shock; the cryopreserved NK cells are shipped in dry ice.

Human Umbilical Cord Blood Derived Mononuclear cells

The human umbilical cord blood derived mononuclear cells is a pure population of precursor cells, isolated from cord blood, shortly after birth. The population contains a mixture of progenitors including lymphocytes, monocytes and stem cells, and are widely studied for their therapeutic potential and immune regulation properties. The cryopreserved as well as fresh batch of mononuclear cells is isolated from cord blood via density gradient separation technique. We are separating with a single spin kit to separate erythrocytes and granulocytes further producing a more stable product. Kosheeka supplies a pool of mononuclear fraction from cord blood both in fresh isolation as well as in cryopreserved format, depending upon the requirements. The product can also be customized depending upon the study parameters like single donor, pooled, with variable cell count per vial. It is also possible to culture and expand these cells further to obtain a choice of cells like mesenchymal stem cells or lymphocytes etc. depending upon the study requirements. The pure population of mononuclear cells have been shown to have various therapeutic applications, including the treatment of autoimmune diseases, like multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis etc, along with tissue repair and regeneration. Thus, upon demand Kosheeka is able to supply pure population of freshly isolated mononuclear cells from umbilical cord blood in a suspended form in HBSS with 5mM EDTA and 0.5% BSA. The characterization of cord blood derived mononuclear cells is important to understand their potency, cellular composition as well as functional properties. With the help of various advanced techniques like viability analysis, flow cytometry, complete blood count etc. the researchers can gain a comprehensive understanding of mononuclear population and tailor their use for specific applications.

Human Umbilical Cord Blood Derived CD34+ Cells

The human umbilical cord blood derived CD34+ cells are an enriched population of stem cells isolated from the buffy coat containing mononuclear cells. CD34 is a receptor protein that is expressed on the surface of stem cells, thus isolation of CD34 enriched population of cells provides user with a pure population of stem cells, which can further be used for research and other applications.  The CD34+ positive cells can potentially be differentiated into a variety of cell populations, including cells of hematopoietic origin like blood cells and cells of mesenchymal origin like muscle cells, bone cells, fat cells etc. The separation and expansion of CD34+ cells is a critically important step to maintain sterility, specificity, purification and regeneration capacity of isolated populations of cells. Kosheeka recommends the use of positive magnetic selection techniques for the isolation of these cells. It involves the use of magnetic beads coated with specific antibodies for the receptors and passage through the magnetic field to pull CD34+ cells towards the magnet, while the CD34- cells are separated.  Human umbilical cord blood is considered to be the potent source of CD34+ cells, accounting for less than 1% of the circulating T cells. The cells are characterized specifically for the pure population CD34 markers. Kosheeka suggests use of a specific growth medium containing certain growth factors, a cocktail of stem cell factors like IL-3 and erythropoietin to the culture dish. However, it is very important to maintain sterile culture conditions and establish proper safety protocols, while working with the culture of the CD34 population to avoid contamination. 

Human T Helper Cells

CD4+ T helper cells are responsible for regulating human immune system through activation of cascade of mechanism of other immune cells, and redirect them further for performing various functions. These cells are importantly determining activation/inactivation of B cell antibodies along with the growth and activation of cytotoxic T cells. These cells are isolated from a pool of mononuclear cells from human umbilical cord blood by positive selection using immunomagnetic cell separation techniques.  

Human Splenic Fibroblasts

Human splenic fibroblasts are derived from the fibroblast cells found in the spleen, an important organ of the immune system. These fibroblasts play a crucial role in the structural support and maintenance of the spleen tissue. Human splenic fibroblasts are utilized in various research areas related to the immune system and the spleen. These cells are used to study the interactions between immune cells and the spleen microenvironment. They provide a valuable model for investigating immune responses, immune cell migration, and the immune regulatory functions of the spleen.

Human Splenic Endothelial Cells

Isolated from the spleen, these cells have MSC like charactersitcs. In the spleen they are repsonsible for the creation of a non-rigid extracellular matrix. They also contribute to growth of NK cells and bioactive IL-15. They can be used in various studies involving cell manipulations such as genetic transfers. They are also used for IVD and drug screening purposes.

Human Skin S9 Fraction Mixed Gender

Our Human Skin S9 Fraction (Mixed Gender) is a vital resource for researchers and scientists engaged in dermatological drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology investigations. This unique S9 fraction is sourced from a diverse pool of both male and female donors, providing a comprehensive representation of drug-metabolizing enzymes found within human skin tissues. Derived from human skin tissue, it serves as an authentic and physiologically relevant in vitro platform for exploring drug metabolism within the skin. By offering insights into gender-specific responses and skin-specific pharmacokinetics, this product enhances our understanding of skin-related research. With rigorous purification and quality control procedures, our Human Skin S9 Fraction (Mixed Gender) ensures the consistency and reliability essential for advancing dermatological drug development and skin pharmacology research.

Human Skin Derived Microvascular Dermal Endothelial Cells Adult

Adult Microvascular Dermal Endothelial Cells are isolated from the blood vessels of human skin. While dermal endothelial cells perform the function of endothelial cells elsewhere in the body they have certain skin specific functions including wound healing, temperature regulation, immunomodulatio etc. they play an important role in bioengineering of skin, studying normal and diseased skin physiology and screening of drugs, especially cosmetics.

Human Skin Derived Epidermal Melanocytes Fetal

Found in the epidermis, Epidermal Melanocytes are pigment-secreting cells responsible for producing melatonin, which gives skin its colour. These cells are used to study the effect of UV radiation on skin in addition psoriasis, cancer research, skin senstivity, wound healing and research on other skin diseases.

Human Skin Derived Epidermal Melanocytes Adult

Found in the epidermis, Epidermal Melanocytes are pigment-secreting cells responsible for producing melatonin, which gives skin its colour. These cells are used to study the effect of UV radiation on skin in addition psoriasis, cancer research, skin senstivity, wound healing and research on other skin diseases.

Human Skin Derived Epidermal Keratinocytes Neonatal

Isolated from neonatal human skin, these cells make up 90% of the epidermis layer. Due to their ability to secrete cytokines and other growth factors they can be used for research in toxicology, bioengineering of skin, infections, skin senstivity, gene therapy, cosmetic testing and cancer research.

Human Skin Derived Epidermal Keratinocytes Fetal

Isolated from fetal human skin, these cells make up 90% of the epidermis layer. Due to their ability to secrete cytokines and other growth factors they can be used for research in toxicology, bioengineering of skin, infections, gene therapy, cosmetic testing and cancer research.

Human Skin Derived Epidermal Keratinocytes Adult

Isolated from fetal human skin, these cells make up 90% of the epidermis layer. Due to their ability to secrete cytokines and other growth factors they can be used for research in toxicology, bioengineering of skin, infections, gene therapy, cosmetic testing and cancer research.

Human Skin Derived Dermal Fibroblasts Fetal

Isolated from the Embryonic Mesoderm Fibroblasts are a form of MSC. Due to their resilience and ease of growing in culture, they have been widely employed for a variety of cellular and molecular studies. These cells can be subjected to a range of modifications, including microinjection and gene transfection. While their function is similar to fibroblasts found elsewhere, during the healing of wounds, dermal fibroblasts transition from a proliferative, migrating phase to a contractile, matrix-remodeling phase. Moreover, they are able to respond to inflammatory stimuli by releasing large amount of hyaluron.

Human Skin Derived Dermal fibroblasts Adult

Isolated from the Embryonic Mesoderm Fibroblasts are a form of MSC. Due to their resilience and ease of growing in culture, they have been widely employed for a variety of cellular and molecular studies. These cells can be subjected to a range of modifications, including microinjection and gene transfection. While their function is similar to fibroblasts found elsewhere, during the healing of wounds, dermal fibroblasts transition from a proliferative, migrating phase to a contractile, matrix-remodeling phase. Moreover, they are able to respond to inflammatory stimuli by releasing large amount of hyaluron.

Human Skin Derived Dermal Fibroblasts Adult

Adult Dermal Fibroblasts are isolated from adult skin and form a major contituent of connective tissue. They play an important role during hair development as well cutaneous wound healing. The therapeutic applications of dermal fibroblasts include bioengineering of skin and wound healing while their IVD uses include studying normal and diseased skin physiology and screening of drugs, especially cosmetics.

Human Seminal vesicles microvascular endothelial cells

Isolated from the smallest vessels of the seminal vesicle, these cells form excellent models to study the male urinary and reporductive systems. These cells also play an important role in the progression of prostate cancer making them useful for toxicity and drug screening purposes.

Human Seminal Vesicles Fibroblasts

Isolated from the seminal vesicle, these cells are responsile for maintaining an extracellular matrix and replacing damaged tissue. They can be used for toxicity analysis and drug screening purposes.

Human Seminal Vesicles Endothelial cells

Isolated from the seminal vesicle, these cells form excellent models to study the male urinary and reporductive systems. These cells also play an important role in the progression of prostate cancer making them useful for toxicity and drug screening purposes.

Human S9 Fraction Heart

Kosheeka’s Human Heart S9 Fraction is a crucial resource for researchers and scientists engaged in cardiovascular drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and cardiac toxicology studies. Derived from human heart tissue, this S9 fraction contains a rich concentration of drug-metabolizing enzymes and cardiac-specific proteins, making it an invaluable tool for in vitro investigations of drug metabolism within the heart. With meticulous purification and quality control processes, We ensures reliability and consistency in your research, enabling a deeper understanding of cardiac drug interactions, metabolism, and safety evaluations. This product provides an authentic and physiologically relevant platform for studying cardiac-specific pharmacology and advancing cardiovascular drug development.

Human Pulmonary Small Airway Epithelial Cells

Isolated from the spleen, Human Splenic endothelial cells are being increasingly recognised for their role in the immune system. Apart from being an interface between the the spleen tissue and blood, these cells are also responsible for the growth of dendritic cells. Moreover, researchers have studied the endotheliel cell-macrophage interactions to show that these cells have an important role in the phagocyte system. These cells can also be used for toxicity analysis and drug screening.

Human Pulmonary Fibroblasts

The  major organs of the respiratory system are lungs, which helps provide the body with a continuous supply of oxygen. The main role of lungs is to bring in air from the atmosphere and pass oxygen into the bloodstream. From there, it circulates to the rest of the body.

Fibroblasts are the most abundant cell type in lung interstitium. They do resemble ordinary fibroblasts but have certain distinguishing features, such as long branching processes and gap junctions. The main function of HPF (Human Pulmonary Fibroblasts) is to produce type III collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix of the alveolar septa. Pulmonary fibroblasts (PF) are responsible to carry out the repair and remodelling processes following an injury. There is a controlled accumulation of the fibroblasts to the sites of inflammation which is crucial for effective tissue repair after injury. Abnormal tissue function occurs when there is an inadequate or an excessive accumulation of fibroblasts. For instance, the excess proliferation of fibroblasts contributes to the adventitial thickening observed during the development of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.

Lung fibroblasts play an important role in airway inflammation and airway remodelling. In pharmaceutical development they can be a target for asthma medications. Fibroblasts are the most abundant cell type in lung interstitium. Pulmonary fibroblasts do resemble ordinary fibroblasts but have some distinguishing features, for example, they have long branching processes and gap junctions. Their main function is production of type III collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix of the alveolar septa.

The most abundant cells in the pulmonary interstitium are Human Lung Fibroblasts (HLFs). These mesenchymal cells produce the extracellular matrix (ECM) giving the lungs its structural integrity, and are best known for their critical role in wound healing. In normal wound healing, fibroblasts, often under the direction of the master profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), differentiate into contractile myofibroblasts that are characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic stress fibres and a focal adhesion complex, the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α- SMA) and calponin, and enhanced synthesis of ECM proteins such as collagen and fibronectin.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of a highly dynamic complex of fibrous proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans that composes the noncellular aspect of tissues and varies in composition according to its tissue localization and physiological circumstances. While providing structural integrity, ECM also delivers important spatial and contextual cues to drive cellular phenotypes. The ECM in the lungs is typically divided into two basic compartments: basement membranes and the interstitial spaces. The thin and specialized layers of ECM found under all epithelial and endothelial cell layers are called basement membranes, whereas interstitial spaces form the parenchyma of the lung. Within the lung interstitium, are the resident fibroblasts which are the most commonly identified cells and are mainly responsible for ECM production; they also function as an effector cells during injury repair.

Primary Lung Fibroblast, normal, Human Lung Fibroblast (HLF) is a cell line that is ideal culture model for potential diagnostic methods for the early detection of lung cancer cells, reconstruction studies, and advancement of cancer research. Primary lung fibroblasts are an essential tool for the profiling of normal human lung fibroblasts and serve as a model system for the study of lung disorders and infections, lung reconstruction studies, and advancement of cancer research.

Human Pleatable Hepatocytes Pooled

Part of the immune system, Mast cells help fight infections and are responsible for creating allergic reactions. They can be used to study specific antigens and antibody responses.

Human Plateable hepatocytes

Models for drug-to-drug interactions (DDI) with more clinical relevance are a serious concern for any new drug development project. The plateable hepatocytes are specialized primary liver cells, isolated from liver tissues of different species, depending upon customer requirements. These cells display a unique property of being able to adhere and grow on culture plates or dishes. These cells are used as indispensable tools for researchers in drug development, toxicology, disease modeling, as well as liver-related studies.

At Kosheeka, these cells are tested for high viability and healthy culture duration. The cells isolated at Kosheeka support the multiple potential of DDI, as they are induction-qualified. The cells are characterized by 3 major mechanisms:

-          Transporter activity

-          Enzyme activity

These cells are featured for their confluence monolayer and distinct morphology with a cobblestone appearance. Inducibility of enzyme activity for CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP1A2. Basal metabolism for 8 CYPs, SULT, UGT, and aldehyde oxidase are analyzed for the product. These cells are pretested for long-term culture, spheroid formation, and 96-well compatibility.

Application

-          Xenotransplantation

-          Low clearance metabolism studies

-          Disease modeling

-          Xenotransplantation

-          3D cell culture

-          Short-term cellular toxicity studies

Human Peripheral Blood-Derived NK Cells

The natural killer cells are a type of lymphocytes, primarily involved in regulation of the immune system. They are called “Natural” because they don’t require prior activation in order to recognize abnormal and/or infected cells to lyse them. These cells are also able to recognize and kill cells that have downregulated or lost major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on their surface, which can occur in cancer cells and/or virus infected cells. These cells are also involved in secretion of cytokines, which are signalling molecules that help to coordinate and regulate immune response. These cells are found in the blood, lymph nodes and spleen. In humans, NK cells represent around 8-20% of the circulating lymphocytes. Unlike other lymphocytes, NK cells do not express antigen-specific receptors. NK cells play a critically important role in regulating adaptive immune response. Studies are ongoing to understand the role of NK cells in activation of cytokines post viral infections. Due to their ability to recognize tumor cells, NK cells are widely studied as primary components in immune-oncology. Kosheeka has validated isolation protocol for peripheral blood derived NK cells using positive immunomagnetic separation. However, we have also validated other methods of isolation of NK cells like differential centrifugation or fluorescence activated cell sorting; depending upon experimental demands. Kosheeka NK cells are traditionally characterized for the presence of CD56 cell surface markers and the absence of CD3. Due to separation of cells through immunomagnetic selection, the isolated cells express highest purification. All the donors are tested for infectious markers.

Human Peripheral Blood-Derived Mononuclear Cells

The peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells are a cocktail of potent progenitors along with immune cells like NK cells, T cells, and B cells. Additionally, the cocktail is also a rich source of monocytes that are destined to be differentiated into macrophages and/or dendritic cells. The cells are isolated using the kit with the help of density gradient separation. All the red blood cells are thoroughly depleted by proprietary techniques with osmotic lysis. Although the cellular profiles of mononuclear cells are mostly donor-dependent, on average, they may contain around 50% T cells, 20% monocytes, 10% B cells, and 10% NK cells. The collection is from healthy donors, who are screened for infectious markers like HIV-1, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. Each lot shall be provided with a Certificate of Analysis.  Kosheeka is able to demand a viable population of freshly isolated mononuclear cells. These cells will be transported in HBSS along with 5 mM EDTA and 0.5% BSA.  We recommend the use of any suitable hematopoietic growth medium from a reputed brand, along with a combination of growth factors/cytokines, depending upon the study requirements and applications. 

Human Peripheral Blood-Derived Monocytes

Human peripheral blood derived monocytes are a type of white blood cells that originate in bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream. These monocytes play a very important role in the development of the innate immune system and are responsible for phagocytosis, or the engulfing and destruction of pathogens. They are also responsible for presenting antigens to T cells to activate the adaptive immune response. Research is ongoing to understand their role in viral pathogenesis and development of inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, etc. Studies are ongoing to investigate the molecular mechanism by which monocytes are recruited to the site of inflammation and the factors that are responsible for regulation of macrophages and dendritic cells.  Their role in cancer immunotherapies has also been recently explored, in order to evaluate their potential role in the development of cancer vaccines.  Kosheeka Human Peripheral Blood Derived Monocytes are isolated from peripheral blood of screened, healthy, untreated donors. Briefly, mononuclear cells are isolated from apheresis derived peripheral blood through differential centrifugation methods. The population of mononuclear cells is further purified through positive immunomagnetic selection directed against CD14.  These cells are further characterized for the expression of CD14 markers. The donor blood is also screened for infectious markers like HIV, HCV, HBsAg and HBcAg. 

Human Peripheral Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Human peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells are a type of stem cells obtained from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. These cells are the multipotent population with the ability to differentiate into cells of various tissue origin, like bone, cartilage, fat, and muscle cells. The population of cells is currently highly exploited in the field of regenerative medicine. The cells are being investigated for use in various therapeutic applications, including bone and cartilage repair, wound healing, and treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.  One of the advantages of PB-MSCs is their ease of isolation from a non-invasive source, as compared to other counterparts like bone marrow. Their higher proliferation rate makes them a valuable tool for other clinical applications as well.  Kosheeka is isolating a pure population of peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells from a mononuclear fraction of peripheral blood, using a process called density gradient centrifugation. Once, isolated these cells can further be expanded in culture and characterized for various markers like CD105, CD 29, CD73, etc. On-demand, Kosheeka can also help to purely isolate mesenchymal stem cells through the negative selection method. These cells demonstrate a unique ability to differentiate into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages; when cultured in a definite differentiation medium.  All cells test negative for mycoplasma, bacteria, yeast, and fungi. All our donors are screened for infectious diseases, and a detailed certificate of analysis is provided for each cell lot purchased. 

Human Peripheral Blood-Derived Cytotoxic T-Cells

The human peripheral blood derived cytotoxic T cells, also known as the CD8+ T cells and cytotoxic T cells, are a kind of T lymphocytes that play a very important role in protecting us from invading infectious agents and cancer through regulation of immune system. These cells are a subset of T lymphocytes, the key players of our immune system helping us in recognizing and protecting from foreign invaders by destroying them.

Most cytotoxic T cells express T-cell receptors (TCRs), which are helpful in recognizing a specific glycoprotein and an antigen called as CD8, binding with the constant portion of the class I MHC.  Upon binding, these cells release certain cellular cytotoxins like perforin, granzymes as well as granulysin that are responsible for triggering cascade of signalling reactions promoting apoptosis. This important property makes them important tool for understanding pathophysiology of many viral diseases including hepatitis B and inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, these cells have also shown promising results in the treatment of certain cancers like melanoma, leukaemia, etc.

The peripheral blood derived cytotoxic T cells are obtained from patient’s own samples and can be expanded upon activation using a cocktail of cytokines and other growth factors. Kosheeka recommends use of IL-2 to activate T cells that are further purified based on the expression of surface marker CD8, which is the hallmark of cytotoxic T cells. The final product is further tested for purity, viability and function to ensure that it meets the necessary quality standards for clinical applications.

The Kosheeka CD8+ T cells are isolated from peripheral blood from healthy donor, using negative immunomagnetic selection.

Human Peripheral Blood Derived Serum

Human Peripheral Blood Derived Plasma

Human Pericardial Fibroblasts

Isolated from the lungs, pulmonary fibroblasts are crucial in maintain alveolar integrity and repair injury. They are gennerally used to study progression of lung disorders and infections. Research is ongoing to use these cells for lung reconstruction and as a diagnostic method for early detection for lung cancer. Moreover, they are alsi used for drug screening especially in the case of pulmonary infections.